What condition arises from long-term use of certain medications and results in involuntary movements?

The condition that arises from long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and is characterized by involuntary movements is known as tardive dyskinesia. This neurological disorder manifests as repetitive, involuntary movements, often involving the face, tongue, lips, and sometimes extremities. The development of tardive dyskinesia typically occurs after prolonged exposure to dopamine antagonists, which produce the therapeutic effects for conditions like schizophrenia or other mood disorders but can lead to these abnormal movements as a side effect.

Tardive dyskinesia's association with long-term medication use differentiates it from other movement disorders. For instance, dystonia involves sustained muscle contractions and abnormal postures, which may not be specifically linked to long-term medication use. Akathisia, characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and an uncontrollable need to be in constant motion, is a side effect of medication but does not typically include the involuntary movements seen in tardive dyskinesia. Bradykinesia, or slowed movements, is often associated with conditions like Parkinson's disease rather than medication side effects and does not manifest as involuntary movements.

Understanding tardive dyskinesia is crucial for music therapists who may encounter clients affected by this