What term was previously used to describe what is now known as intellectual disability?

The term "mental retardation" was historically used to describe what we now refer to as intellectual disability. This terminology was widely utilized in medical, psychological, and educational settings for many years. However, in recent decades, there has been a significant shift in language preferences, driven largely by an increasing awareness of the social stigma and negative connotations associated with the term. Consequently, the field has moved toward using "intellectual disability," which is now recognized as a more respectful and accurate description.

While the other terms mentioned have specific meanings and contexts—cognitive delay often refers to delays in cognitive development, developmental disability encompasses a range of conditions that may affect physical, learning, language, or behavior areas, and learning disability typically focuses on specific academic struggles—the historical term that broadly encompassed the concept now known as intellectual disability is indeed "mental retardation." The transition away from this outdated terminology reflects a broader cultural shift towards greater sensitivity and respect for individuals with varying abilities.